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NAD+

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) research vial
$149.00

At a Glance

Molecular Properties

Molecular FormulaC21H27N7O14P2
Molecular Weight663.43 Da
SequenceN/A — dinucleotide coenzyme, not a peptide

Overview

Compound Description

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a coenzyme found in all living cells, composed of two nucleotides — one bearing an adenine base and the other a nicotinamide base — joined through a pyrophosphate linkage. It functions as a central mediator of cellular metabolism, cycling between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms to carry electrons in numerous redox reactions. Beyond redox chemistry, NAD+ serves as a substrate for several classes of enzymes studied in preclinical research. This profile is provided for research and educational purposes only.

Mechanism of Action

Research-Identified Pathways

Research indicates that NAD+ operates through two broad categories of activity. As a redox coenzyme, it accepts and donates electrons in metabolic reactions central to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation, interconverting between NAD+ and NADH without being consumed. In this capacity, studies describe it as a mobile electron carrier that links catabolic pathways to mitochondrial ATP generation, positioning cellular NAD+/NADH ratios as an investigated index of metabolic state.

In addition to redox roles, research has identified NAD+ as a consumable substrate for non-redox enzymes, including sirtuins (NAD+-dependent deacylases), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) implicated in DNA-damage responses, and the ADP-ribosyl cyclases CD38 and CD157. These reactions cleave NAD+ and release nicotinamide, which studies suggest is recycled back to NAD+ largely through the NAD+ salvage pathway, in which nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes a rate-limiting step and NMN adenylyltransferases (NMNATs) complete regeneration. Research literature frames the balance between NAD+ biosynthesis, salvage, and consumption as a subject of ongoing mechanistic investigation.

Key Research Findings

Published Study Highlights

  • Research characterizes NAD+ as an obligatory redox coenzyme that cycles between NAD+ and NADH to shuttle electrons across glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Studies describe NAD+ as a consumable substrate for sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38/CD157, linking its cellular abundance to enzymatic signaling in addition to redox chemistry.
  • Preclinical literature reports that NAD+ is continuously regenerated through the salvage pathway, with NAMPT identified as a rate-limiting enzyme in recycling nicotinamide.
  • Research in model organisms has observed a gradual decline in tissue and cellular NAD+ levels associated with advancing age.
  • Mechanistic studies investigate NAD+ compartmentalization across mitochondrial, nuclear, and cytosolic pools and how these pools are maintained and buffered.

Areas of Research Interest

Why Researchers Are Investigating This Compound

This compound has attracted significant research attention in the following areas. These represent active fields of scientific inquiry, not validated therapeutic claims. No medical benefits are stated or implied.

  • Aging and longevity research: Investigators study age-associated changes in cellular NAD+ levels and their relationship to sirtuin activity in model systems.
  • Mitochondrial and metabolic research: Researchers examine NAD+/NADH ratios as indicators of mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism in preclinical models.
  • DNA-damage and genome-maintenance research: Studies explore how NAD+ availability intersects with PARP-mediated DNA-repair signaling.
  • NAD+ biosynthesis and salvage-pathway research: Investigators analyze the enzymes (NAMPT, NMNATs) and precursors that govern NAD+ regeneration in cells and tissues.

Published Research

Peer-Reviewed References

  1. Verdin E "NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration." Science (2015). doi:10.1126/science.aac4854
  2. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E "NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (2021). doi:10.1038/s41580-020-00313-x
  3. Kane AE, Sinclair DA "Sirtuins and NAD+ in the Development and Treatment of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases." Circulation Research (2018). doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312498
  4. Navas LE, Carnero A "NAD+ metabolism, stemness, the immune response, and cancer." Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (2021). doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00354-w

Research Use Only

The information presented on this page is compiled from peer-reviewed scientific literature and is provided solely for educational and research purposes. This compound is intended exclusively for laboratory and scientific research use. It is not a drug, pharmaceutical, or dietary supplement. It is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition. No claims of therapeutic efficacy are made or implied.

Researchers are advised to consult the original published studies referenced above for complete methodological details, study limitations, and the authors' own conclusions. Atlas Peptide Research does not endorse any specific research application and provides this information as a reference resource only.

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For research use only. Not for human consumption. Products are intended solely for laboratory and scientific research purposes.